This total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis, based on Vincentric data, ranks the top 10 vehicle fleet models across seven categories.
The analysis covers 1,323 vehicle models and is broken out by trim level, weight, body style, engine, and transmission.
Vincentric calculated its standard eight cost elements: depreciation, financing, fees and taxes, fuel, insurance, maintenance, repairs, and opportunity cost over a five-year period at 20,000 miles a year.
We chose to display the three highest cost categories that comprise TCO: depreciation, fuel, and maintenance. The adjusted invoice equals the invoice minus published fleet incentives. Note that federal rebates for electric vehicles, which expired Sept. 30, are not included.
To determine the top 10, we identified the model and trim level with the lowest TCO. While all configurations were evaluated, we removed similar trim levels and configurations (S and SE, for example) and moved to the model with the next-lowest TCO.
OVERALL ANALYSIS, YEAR-ON-YEAR
Depreciation remained the largest TCO driver in both 2024 and 2025; But this year, what changed was how much depreciation moved the leader board— used-market normalization made residual swings the decisive tiebreak in many segments.
For EVs, overall TCO worsened year over year by about 5%. The increase comes largely from higher five-year depreciation totals on many EVs, while energy and maintenance remained comparatively stable.
The 2025 EV list also has more BEV entries and fewer PHEVs near the low-TCO cluster, which nudges the overall median up.
However, in the luxury category, electrics (PHEV/BEV) now routinely offset depreciation with larger dollar savings in energy and maintenance. The EV premium is smaller, as a percentage, than in mainstream segments.
Hybrids continue to be the TCO choice in sedans and compact SUVs, with great resale values and low fuel costs.
In half-ton pickups, base/work trims again beat premium packages because invoice discipline and resale matter more than extra content. EV pickups remain challenged by acquisition cost and value retention.
We added the minivan analysis this year. Common, fleet-friendly configurations (seating count, interior color, wheel size) are better for TCO, while niche layouts and options often hurt resale.
Half-Ton Pickups
|
Make/Model/Series |
Adj Invoice |
Depreciation |
Fuel |
Maintenance |
TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ram 1500 Tradesman Quad Cab 2WD |
38745 |
24108 |
15592 |
9853 |
73326 |
|
Toyota Tundra SR Dbl Cab 2WD SWB |
37082 |
21300 |
16759 |
12509 |
73918 |
|
Ram 1500 Tradesman Crew Cab 2WD |
41390 |
25203 |
15592 |
9853 |
75203 |
|
Ford F150 Lightning Pro Supercrew 4 |
45869 |
32912 |
8595 |
8446 |
75329 |
|
Toyota Tundra SR Crew Max 2WD SWI |
38979 |
22247 |
16759 |
12457 |
75374 |
|
Ford F150 XL Reg Cab 2WD 141 |
35574 |
25767 |
15985 |
10748 |
75592 |
|
Ram 1500 HFE Quad Cab 2WD SWB |
39419 |
27782 |
15281 |
9877 |
76848 |
|
Toyota Tundra SR Dbl Cab 4WD SWB |
39857 |
22500 |
17610 |
12786 |
77154 |
|
Ford F150 XL Supercrew 2WD 145 |
41920 |
25713 |
15985 |
10725 |
77156 |
|
Ford F150 XL Supercab 2WD 145 |
39690 |
26758 |
75985 |
10725 |
77734 |
Versions of the Ram 1500 take the upper tier in the pickup segment, thanks to low invoices and solid resale values. Premium and tech-heavy trims slide down the rankings on high cap costs that don’t hold value, and EV pickups continue to face value-retention headwinds.
Source: Vincentric
Compact SUVs
|
Make/Model/Series |
Adj Invoice |
Depreciation |
Fuel |
Maintenance |
TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Chevrolet Trax LS |
19666 |
12992 |
11642 |
13274 |
57287 |
|
Subaru Crosstrek Base |
25095 |
14621 |
11506 |
10401 |
57978 |
|
Nissan Ariya Engage |
37800 |
22083 |
5785 |
8715 |
59371 |
|
Volkswagen Taos S23,995 |
16959 |
10976 |
11506 |
59504 |
75374 |
|
Toyota RAV4 Hybrid LE |
29987 |
14839 |
8751 |
13193 |
59866 |
|
Toyota RAV4 LE |
26975 |
13727 |
11337 |
14019 |
60978 |
|
Subaru Solterra Premium |
37219 |
24596 |
5690 |
7849 |
61238 |
|
Honda CR-V Hybrid Sport |
32735 |
17692 |
8707 |
11877 |
61404 |
|
Nissan Rogue S |
26622 |
15844 |
10464 |
13576 |
61694 |
|
Kia Sportage Hybrid LX |
28019 |
18306 |
8085 |
13560 |
61867 |
The Chevrolet Trax LS wins on invoice and depreciation, while the segment overall has narrow differences in fuel and maintenance costs. Hybrids (particularly Toyota RAV4 and Honda CR-V) remain consistently competitive.
Source: Vincentric
Cargo Vans
|
Make/Model/Series |
Adj Invoice |
Depreciation |
Fuel |
Maintenance |
TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Van Diesel 2500 Std Roof Cargo Van 144 WB |
47337 |
28896 |
13857 |
10447 |
79343 |
|
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Van Diesel 3500 Std Roof HO Cargo Van 144 WB |
53029 |
27563 |
12962 |
11583 |
80276 |
|
Ford E-Transit 350 Base Cargo LR 148WB |
48960 |
38994 |
9350 |
9647 |
80726 |
|
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Van Diesel 4500 Std Roof HO Cargo Van 144 WB |
58097 |
27631 |
13399 |
11325 |
82156 |
|
Ram Promaster 3500 Standard Roof Cargo Van 136 WB Tradesman w/Pas |
48098 |
25325 |
22749 |
13137 |
83851 |
|
Chevrolet Express Cargo G2500 6.6L V8 Cargo Van SWB |
40765 |
29517 |
20769 |
12651 |
85025 |
|
Mercedes-Benz eSprinter Standard Roof Standard Output Cargo 144WB RV |
57881 |
41840 |
8220 |
7022 |
85207 |
|
Ram Promaster 2500 Standard Roof Cargo Van 136 WB Tradesman w/Pas |
47102 |
28439 |
21347 |
13195 |
85215 |
|
GMC Savana Cargo G2500 6.6L V8 Cargo SWB |
40765 |
29667 |
20769 |
12651 |
85438 |
|
Ford T250 Vans Cargo Low Roof RWD 130 |
45980 |
26967 |
21953 |
13975 |
85 |
Sprinter diesel variants cluster near the top of this TCO list, based on low depreciation and diesel efficiency. While electrics retain fuel and maintenance advantages, depreciation weighs on overall ownership costs.
Source: Vincentric
Luxury Cars
|
Make/Model / Series |
Adj Invoice |
Depreciation |
Fuel |
Maintenance |
TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
BMW 3-Series Plug-In Hybrid 330e |
42,910 |
25,423 |
12,878 |
13,031 |
73,510 |
|
BMW i4 eDrive35 |
49,605 |
29,373 |
5,125 |
16,128 |
75,955 |
|
Audi A3 Premium 40 |
35,908 |
27,771 |
15,417 |
11,698 |
79,464 |
|
BMW 3-Series 330i |
42,815 |
27,533 |
14,102 |
12,622 |
80,148 |
|
Cadillac CT4 Luxury |
33,245 |
35,983 |
16,579 |
15,426 |
80,385 |
|
Volvo S60 Plug-In Hybrid T8 – Core |
48,974 |
35,853 |
9,375 |
11,342 |
81,701 |
|
Volvo S60 B5 – Core |
40,044 |
32,794 |
14,152 |
12,139 |
82,134 |
|
Audi A4 Premium 40 |
39,480 |
29,943 |
14,621 |
12,980 |
83,114 |
|
Volvo S60 B5 – Plus |
42,676 |
33,060 |
14,152 |
11,795 |
84,310 |
|
Mercedes-Benz CLA Class CLA250 |
41,958 |
28,897 |
14,408 |
15,855 |
84,859 |
In luxury, electrified powertrains now routinely offset depreciation with lower energy and maintenance costs, pushing many ICE competitors down the list. In this category, the EV premium is smaller on a percentage basis than in mainstream segments.
Source: Vincentric
Sedans, Compact & Midsize
|
Make/Model / Series |
Invoice |
Depreciation |
Fuel |
Maintenance |
TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Toyota Corolla Hybrid LE |
21,874 |
11,465 |
6,961 |
10,964 |
46,778 |
|
Toyota Corolla LE |
20,533 |
11,099 |
9,624 |
12,024 |
49,843 |
|
Hyundai Elantra Hybrid Blue |
24,585 |
15,936 |
6,405 |
10,766 |
50,493 |
|
Nissan Versa S |
17,802 |
13,460 |
9,744 |
11,121 |
50,817 |
|
Honda Civic LX |
23,231 |
13,032 |
9,624 |
11,535 |
51,655 |
|
Toyota Camry Hybrid LE |
26,128 |
13,415 |
6,656 |
12,614 |
51,727 |
|
Honda Civic Hybrid Sport |
27,398 |
15,224 |
7,130 |
11,452 |
52,527 |
|
Hyundai Elantra SE |
21,461 |
14,187 |
9,624 |
12,857 |
53,052 |
|
Hyundai Elantra Hybrid SEL Sport |
26,493 |
17,119 |
6,890 |
11,121 |
53,052 |
|
Subaru Legacy Base |
23,762 |
14,689 |
11,337 |
10,384 |
54,987 |
Versions of the Corolla Hybrid and Elantra Hybrid win this category for low acquisition costs, excellent efficiency, and strong retained value. EV sedans make progress on energy and maintenance, but are still weighed down by depreciation.
Source: Vincentric
Minivans
|
Make/Model/Series |
Adj Invoice |
Depreciation |
Fuel |
Maintenance |
TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Toyota Sienna LE 5D Wagon 8 Pass |
36,247 |
18,404 |
9,634 |
12,518 |
61,783 |
|
Toyota Sienna XLE 5D Wagon 7 Pass AWD |
42,316 |
21,398 |
9,940 |
12,527 |
67,258 |
|
Kia Carnival Hybrid LXS 4D Wagon |
39,285 |
24,462 |
10,622 |
11,955 |
68,926 |
|
Toyota Sienna Limited 5D Wagon 7 Pass |
46,184 |
23,791 |
9,634 |
13,438 |
71,066 |
|
Honda Odyssey EX-L 4D Wagon |
39,084 |
23,711 |
15,052 |
15,052 |
75,644 |
|
Toyota Sienna Platinum 5D Wagon 7 Pass |
51,653 |
27,235 |
9,634 |
13,448 |
76,111 |
|
Honda Odyssey Sport-L 4D Wagon |
40,155 |
25,057 |
15,052 |
15,052 |
77,305 |
|
Kia Carnival Hybrid SX Prestige 4D Wagon |
50,496 |
29,823 |
10,622 |
12,167 |
77,805 |
|
Chrysler Pacifica Plug-In Hybrid Select 4D Wagon |
49,933 |
36,410 |
9,063 |
11,532 |
80,856 |
|
Chrysler Voyager LX Wagon |
39,595 |
32,182 |
15,052 |
12,401 |
81,900 |
Toyota Sienna variants dominate the top cluster, pairing efficient operation with residual strength. Even where rivals are close on fuel or maintenance, depreciation and invoice typically separate the Sienna.
Source: Vincentric
Minivans
|
Make/Model/Series |
Adj Invoice |
Depreciation |
Fuel |
Maintenance |
TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nissan LEAF S |
26,663 |
18,045 |
5,245 |
8,165 |
47,664 |
|
Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid SE |
32,041 |
19,283 |
4,904 |
11,905 |
54,977 |
|
Hyundai Kona Electric SE |
32,018 |
23,775 |
4,995 |
8,571 |
57,500 |
|
Hyundai Ioniq 6 SE Standard Range |
37,472 |
24,360 |
4,300 |
8,526 |
58,361 |
|
Nissan Ariya Engage |
37,800 |
22,083 |
5,785 |
9,715 |
59,371 |
|
Volvo EX30 Core |
33,028 |
24,019 |
5,170 |
9,467 |
61,219 |
|
Subaru Solterra Premium |
37,219 |
24,596 |
5,690 |
9,349 |
61,238 |
|
Toyota bZ4X XLE |
32,316 |
25,143 |
4,915 |
10,885 |
63,360 |
|
Volkswagen ID.4 Pro |
43,292 |
25,835 |
5,265 |
10,703 |
64,150 |
|
Hyundai Ioniq 5 SE Standard Range |
42,174 |
28,567 |
5,150 |
8,390 |
64,533 |
The Nissan LEAF wins on the lowest adjusted invoice of any BEV and firmer residuals than last year. PHEVs continue to score well, with their higher fuel spend offset by lower depreciation.
Source: Vincentric
